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Debating the Resurrection of Jesus

St Andrews University Christian Union hosted a debate entitled “Did Jesus rise from the dead?” Andy Bannister author of The Atheist Who Didn’t Exist, went up against John Richards who wrote his book Theist!: The dreadful consequences of thinking like a Theist in response to Andy’s book. On paper at least this looked to be a fascinating debate.

Andy began by addressing the accounts of resurrection on their own terms, looking at whether the sources could be seen to be trustworthy and setting up criteria for assessment (do we have multiple sources, how early are they, is there eye witness testimony etc), as well asking about the behaviour of the disciples following the death of Jesus and the questioning why a fake first century story would base itself of the testimony of women). As well as relying on a huge variety of sources from secular, Jewish, Christian scholars, Andy effectively laid out some of the key reasons for believing the resurrection is based on some level of evidence, rather than a blind misguided desire to believe that God is real.

Conversely John opted for three main strategies of attack, firstly by claiming that Resurrection often forms a key part of ancient mythologies (notably Egyptian and Greek). John then proceeded to argue that source material is inherently untrustworthy. Finally, he argued that we can only trust that which we can prove via the scientific method, meaning we cannot believe resurrection occurred because it goes against that which science says is possible.

Personally, I found most of John’s arguments to be weak and lacking academic rigour, with some obvious problems in his logic. For example, Andy roundly destroyed his idea that resurrection is to be found in many of the world’s religions citing Johnathan Z. Smiths work Dying and Rising Gods. John argued that Constantine doctored the New Testament writings in AD300 (a belief that I believe was made popular by the Da Vinci Code in 2003) but provided no source material (academic or otherwise) for why this would be the case. In addition, John failed to address the idea that resurrection is a supernatural event which is the very reason it’s important in Christian history (and that’s skipping over the issue that the only things we can believe and those that are empirically proven is in itself, a statement which cannot be proven). John did show his foresight in producing a list of academics he believed Andy would reference, Yet unfortunately he was unable to reference many world leading scholars himself to address Andy’s position, which given the debate was at one of the world’s oldest universities isn’t a strategy I would have adopted myself.

In the end however, both participants came down to the position that this is something that this does come down to faith. Andy told the audience about how his life was changed by the person of Jesus and essentially argued that this is a topic that is worth your time.

Looking back at the event, Annie, one of the leaders of the CU added:

One first year told me his friends from halls went in firmly against the claim of Jesus’ resurrection, but left almost convinced the other way! Two other members also spent an hour with a guy who’d come by himself having been given a flyer, who was convinced that science held all the answers to life and was stunned by the fact that there were rational and compelling arguments for Christianity. All in all, we are so encouraged and excited by the ways we’re seeing God using this event.”

If you are interested in watching the debate, you can find it on YouTube, although none of the important information on the screen was captured by the camera.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4mR2K9y6aM.


Jack Johnson is a PhD student at the university of St. Andrews in Divinity (specifically systematic Theology). he did a MLitt in Systematic and Historical Theology at St Andrews and a BA (hons) in Christian Theology and Politics at Liverpool Hope University, where he was also Student Union President. He is originally from Liverpool, but has lived in various parts of England prior to coming to Scotland.

To find out more about St Andrews University Christian Union click here.

PEP Talk Podcast With Greg Ganssle

Sometimes Christians focus on proving that Christianity is true, failing to realise that many people don’t care that it’s true. But what do they care about? Andy and Kristi are joined by Greg Ganssle to discuss how focussing our conversations on the deepest human desires can bring us right to the heart of the gospel. Greg also reminds us that “Any conversation that continues is a successful conversation.”

Greg recently contributed two articles to our “A Beginner’s Guide to Apologetics” series: The Best Fit Argument Part One and Part Two.

With Greg Ganssle PEP Talk

Our Guest

Greg Ganssle is Professor of Philosophy at Biola University in Los Angeles. Greg worked in campus ministry before earning his doctorate at Syracuse University in 1995. He worked at Yale University for nine years before joining Biola. He is author of several books, including Our Deepest Desires: How the Christian Story Fulfills Human Aspirations (IVP, 2017)

A Beginner’s Guide to the Argument from the Life of Jesus

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At the centre of the Christian faith is Jesus: the Resurrected Son of God. If Jesus is the Son of God, then how we respond to this is vitally important for this life – and the life to come. If Jesus isn’t the Son of God, then frankly Christianity is pointless and irrelevant.

The purpose of this short article is to focus on some of the evidence for the life of Jesus. Does this evidence point to Jesus being the Son of God? Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus will be covered in another article in this series.

So, what does the evidence say about the life of Jesus?

Jesus Really Existed

Historians have been extensively researching the historical evidence for Jesus for around 200 years. This research has come to the clear conclusion that the Jesus who Christians follow really existed. You may hear or read people suggesting otherwise – but this position has virtually no serious supporters among today’s historians (including many non-Christian historians) who specialise in this period of history.

The Historical Jesus

If today’s historians are agreed Jesus existed, what else do they agree upon? EP Sanders is one of today’s leading scholars on the historical Jesus. In his book: “The Historical Figure of Jesus”, Sanders provides a list of “secure facts” about Jesus – on which he says the majority of today’s historians are agreed. Here is a reprint of that list:

  • Jesus was born circa. 4 BCE, near the time of death of Herod the Great.
  • He spent his childhood and early adult years in Nazareth, a Galilean village.
  • He was baptised by John the Baptist.
  • He called disciples.
  • He taught in the towns, villages and countryside of Galilee (apparently not the cities).
  • He preached “the kingdom of God”.
  • About the year 30 [AD], he went to Jerusalem for Passover.
  • He created a disturbance in the Temple area.
  • He had a final meal with the disciples.
  • He was arrested and interrogated by Jewish authorities, specifically the high priest.
  • He was executed on the orders of the Roman prefect, Pontius Pilate.
  • [After His death] His disciples first fled.
  • They saw him ([but] in what sense is not certain) after his death.
  • As a consequence, they believed that he would return to found the kingdom.
  • They formed a community to await his return and sought to win others to faith in him as God’s Messiah.

You’ll notice that these “secure facts” are very close to what is described in the Biblical gospels. Which brings me to the next point.

The Gospels and New Testament Letters Can be Used for Historical Research

Historical research has concluded that the Gospels in the bible were written between 30 to 50 years after Jesus’ death. The letters the apostle Paul wrote were written even earlier than this – his first letter written just under 20 years after Jesus’ death. The letter attributed to Jesus’ brother James may be even earlier than this – possibly the mid to late 40’s AD.

Secondly, today’s historians are of the view that the Gospels and the New Testament letters we read today are largely identical to what was originally written.

There is undoubtedly debate among scholars about the accuracy of some of the events in the Gospels and some of the words spoken by Jesus. However, this is a focus on detail. The consensus view is that the Gospels provide a generally accurate picture of Jesus’ ministry – and of Jesus thinking and acting as if He was the Son of God.

Liar, Lunatic or Lord? (or Just Wrong?)

In his book “Mere Christianity” CS Lewis said the following about Jesus (sometimes called “The Trilemma”):

A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse.

The historical evidence shows Jesus thinking and acting as if He was the Son of God. If He wasn’t the Son of God, then He was either mad – or a terrible, malicious liar (given the disruption and persecution heaped on those who followed Him).

We have four detailed accounts of Jesus mission in the Gospels which historians tell us are pretty accurate. Do we see any hints of evidence of Jesus behaving like a lunatic or a malicious, pathological liar? Read the Gospels for yourself and see what you think.

You’ll notice I added a fourth option to the heading above. This is because some non-Christians dismiss CS Lewis’ trilemma by saying that Jesus was in some way honestly mistaken (or just wrong) that He was the Son of God. The argument is that people are wrong about all kinds of things in their lives. Why not Jesus about this?

The issue here is what you’re honestly mistaken about.

I’m sure you’ve been honestly mistaken about things in your life. It doesn’t necessarily make you mad. However, there are some things that you can be honestly mistaken about (like thinking you’re a poached egg or thinking you’re the Son of God) that also require you to have a screw loose.

In short, if you think you’re God then you’re either mad – or you are God.

Further, if you think you are God and, like Jesus, are prepared to do something about it by going on a mission that collects followers, challenges the established religious order and ends up getting you killed, then you really are mad – or God.

Conclusion

In an article of this size, I’m never going to cover the wealth of evidence pointing to Jesus being the Son of God. For example, I haven’t even touched on over 300 Old Testament prophesies fulfilled by Jesus – many of which couldn’t have been fulfilled by Jesus (the man) deliberately setting out to make sure He fulfilled them.

I also haven’t touched on the mass of evidence pointing to Jesus’ Resurrection being a historical event.

If what you’ve just read is too superficial, I’d suggest you do what I did before I became a follower of Jesus. Do your own research. There are plenty of books and online videos to check out. I’ve made a few book suggestions at the end of this article. For a summary of this evidence, there’s also the “Jesus: The Evidence” booklet – available as a free download or hard copy from the website jesustheevidence.com.


Photo of Derek MacIntyre

Derek McIntyre was an atheist until he read and considered the evidence for the life of Jesus. He lives in Scotland, and works in the water industry, and runs the website, Jesus the Evidence.

Further Reading 

EP Sanders “The Historical Figure of Jesus” (1995 Penguin Books)

Geza Vermes: “The Changing Faces of Jesus (2001 Penguin Books)

Geza Vermes: “The Passion” (2005 Penguin Books)

Geza Vermes: “The Resurrection” (2008 Penguin Books)

Dale Allison Jr: “Constructing Jesus” (2010 SPCK)

Maurice Casey: Jesus of Nazareth (2010 T&T Clark International)

Luke Timothy Johnston: “The New Testament – A Very Short Introduction” (2010 Oxford University Press)

James Beilby (Editor): The Historical Jesus: Five Views (2010 SPCK)

Jesus: The Evidence booklet. Available at jesustheevidence.com

Andy Bannister at American University DC – "Why it Matters What You Believe!"

While I was in the USA, I spoke at the American University in Washington DC. I was invited there by the CRU group, which is a student Christian group which used to be known as Campus Crusade for Christ.
They gave me the topic, “Does it matter what you believe?” The context is that the Christian students, are studying and living their Christian lives out on a very secular campus. They told me that they face a number of challenges there. One is that people say things like, “you can believe whatever you want – it doesn’t really matter.” However, the other challenge comes from the belief that ‘religious people’ are arrogant and intolerant.
They gave me half an hour to address both of those topics, to do two talks in one; which was something of a challenge! So the way I addressed it was to start with the idea that we can’t avoid the fact that some beliefs are mutually exclusive. That’s fairly easy to demonstrate, but the biggest problem we face in our society is how we can live together – despite those differences. So we discussed the idea of ‘tolerance’ – and the way in which tolerance as an ideology doesn’t actually work. “Tolerance” is actually a rather sneaky word, because it causes you to look down on the other person. I also pointed out that ‘religion’ is unfairly targeted in these debates – when people are equally divided about politics, and almost every other issue. Our society today is more divided than ever, and it seems that people have forgotten how to disagree agreeably. (For more about the use and abuse of the concept of tolerance, click here).
My conclusion was to argue that what we really need in order to deal with great divisions we face are two things; the first is a foundation for human dignity (recognising that other people, who are different from us are humans with inherent value, dignity and worth), and the second is a basis for humility. That is, while we must not under-estimate the value of others; we also must not over-estimate our own significance or think that the world rotates around any of us. The reason that that Christianity is important is because it is the only worldview that provides an adequate foundation for both those things. It provides a foundation for human dignity, it says that all human beings are made in the image of God – and therefore possess a inherent worth. However, it also provides a basis for humility – because Christianity is ‘the great humbler’, as it tells me that I am sinful enough that Jesus actually had to die to rescue me. So, if I am ever tempted to feel smug, arrogant or self-reliant, the Christian view of sin and redemption reminds me that I am a messed-up, broken sinner who needs Jesus. The good news of the gospel of course, is that Jesus was willing to die for people like us. It’s Tim Keller who so memorably put it like this in his book “the Reason for God”: “The Christian Gospel is that I am so flawed that Jesus had to die for me, yet I am so loved and valued that Jesus was glad to die for me. This leads to deep humility and deep confidence at the same time.”
As usual we concluded with a time of Q&A, which was very friendly. Maybe they liked my British accent! It is however, always a privilege to serve groups like this, in all the different places we go.
Editor’s Note. Since Andy got back from the USA, Andrew Powars from the Washington CRU group wrote to say:

Recently Andy Bannister came to speak on “Is anything worth believing?” We replaced our normal women’s Bible study with the event with the purpose of it being outreach oriented. We invited the campus and had 25 students attend. Probably 15 Christians (from our group) who invited 10 of their (non-Christian) friends. Andy spoke for 30 minutes and answered questions for 30 minutes. I was in attendance and thought the event a great success. In following up with our students, they really enjoyed it, were greatly encouraged (specifically noting that they had not encountered intelligent Christian academic conversation on campus), and hope we can have more events like this in the future.  We really felt blessed to have Dr. Bannister speak.   (-Ed)

Short Answers AndyDr Andy Bannister is the Director of the Solas Centre for Public Christianity

Is God Against Our Freedom? | Andy Bannister

“Isn’t Christianity limiting and restrictive? Isn’t God against my freedom?” In this very Scottish themed episode of SHORT ANSWERS, Solas Director Andy Bannister asks whether people who raise this objection have possibly misunderstood something incredibly important about the very nature of freedom.

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"Religion Poisons Everything"

A commenter going enigmatically by “notme” once responded to my rundown of a controversy over Scripture classes in schools:

What has religion got to offer but War, Intolerance/hatred (of other religions and minority groups), and poverty? religion should not only be banned from classrooms but from the whole planet

I faithfully reproduce the comment as is, grammatical warts and all, keyed in, I imagine, in the first flush of a righteous indignation. They’re common accusations, straight out of the New Atheist playbook. Religious belief is irrational, snarling, psychologically and socially stunting. In the enduring formulation of Christopher Hitchens in God Is Not Great (2007): “Religion poisons everything.”
But underneath the cynicism, the absolutism, sometimes the smugness, I wonder if what I’m really hearing is pain. The pain of someone who sought grace in a church community and instead found judgement and guilt. The pain, perhaps, of someone who invested their trust in a Christian group or friend only to meet with hypocrisy or cruelty. If I listened with more imagination and humility, what I might hear is the lashing out of the wounded.
Both have a terrible legitimacy. Christians have, after all, tortured heretics, burned witches, hoarded wealth, propped up slavery, rubber-stamped colonialism, expelled or massacred entire Jewish communities, silenced women, persecuted gay people, and moved known child molesters from parish to parish. These are not accusations; they are history.
And not only history. You don’t have to look far—probably not much farther than the murky corners of our own hearts—to see the same old ugliness cropping up today: the self-righteousness, the love of respectability and comfort, the inertia and cowardice, the militant certitude, the blindness to inconvenient truths, the fear of difference, the fear of losing power, the fear of change or challenge.

On the Other Hand …

And yet if the gospel is true, it is nothing less than the master story of life on this planet—the re-connection of fallen, broken creatures to their Creator and his purposes for them. If it is true, won’t it work? Even allowing for the tenacity of sin and the bumpy work of sanctification, won’t it change things for the better, not just for the reconnected, but with ripples travelling far beyond them?
There’s plenty of evidence that this is exactly what’s happened in our world over the last two thousand years. That as followers of Jesus loved their neighbours as themselves, turned the other cheek, cared for the least of these, forgave as God forgave them, and let their light shine before others, the world changed dramatically.
It’s a tangled tale, but one corroborated by various high-profile atheists like popular ancient history writer Tom Holland. “In my morals and ethics,” he recently wrote, “I have learned to accept that I am not Greek or Roman at all, but thoroughly and proudly Christian.” Philosopher Jürgen Habermas insists that the egalitarianism underpinning all our freedoms and democratic ideals is the direct and exclusive legacy of the Judeo-Christian ethic: “Everything else is just idle postmodern talk.”
David Bentley Hart fleshes out the content of this debt in his book Atheist Delusions:

Even the most ardent secularists among us generally cling to notions of human rights, economic and social justice, providence for the indigent, legal equality, or basic human dignity … It is simply the case that we distant children of the pagans would not be able to believe in any of these things – they would never have occurred to us – had our ancestors not once believed that God is love, that charity is the foundation of all virtues, that all of us are equal before the eyes of God, that to fail to feed the hungry or care for the suffering is to sin against Christ, and that Christ laid down his life for the least of his brethren.

If both are true-if Christians gave the West things we all rather like, such as inalienable human value, democracy, charity, and humility, and also gave us the Spanish Inquisition and the Salem Witch Trials and South African apartheid – what then? How do we make sense of the disjunction?

Coping Strategies

There are quite a few coping strategies out there. Frankly, I’ve found them mostly inadequate. So, for the intrepid fellow traveler along the tangled byways of Christian history, here are a few friendly “Dead End” signs to mark roads not worth taking—and some suggestions for alternative routes.

1. “They weren’t really Christian.”

This one certainly looks inviting. In most Western societies for most of the last millennium, it’s been at least advantageous to identify with orthodox Christianity. Where Christian identity is default, plenty of things will happen under the banner of faith that bear little resemblance to the person and teaching of Jesus Christ.
But we can’t get ourselves off the hook this easily. Partly this is because disentangling the motivations of a medieval crusader or heresy inquisitor from the Bible is not straightforward. It’s entirely possible to make arguments from Scripture – in some cases, uncomfortably coherent arguments – in support of “holy” war, the auto-da-fé, racial hierarchies, anti-Semitism, environmental despoliation, and more.
Would practically all Christians today agree that those are gross abuses of the text? Yes. Are we so confident that our own interpretative frameworks are unimpeachable—our exegetical manoeuvres so free from the slant of self-interest—that we feel able to dismiss the faith of such mis-readers as pure sham? Hmm.

The uncomfortable truth is no one comes out of history with clean hands.

Our engagement with history is so often superficial and incredibly supercilious. We fail to acknowledge how indebted we are to these blinkered, striving men and women who came before for the very weapons we level against them. And we forget our own blinkers, the contempt and disbelief that future generations will no doubt reserve for us and our blind spots. As T. S. Eliot wrote in another context: “Some one said: ‘The dead writers are remote from us because we know so much more than they did.’ Precisely, and they are that which we know.”
The uncomfortable truth is no one comes out of history with clean hands. The law of unintended consequences is too potent, the feet of even our most cherished heroes too caked with clay. This is not to abdicate the responsibility either to act justly or to repent of the sins of the past. But it is to advocate for a measure of historical humility, an appreciation for how difficult it is to draw straight lines in a cracked and crooked world as cracked and crooked people.
Miroslav Volf offers a more subtle version of “they weren’t real Christians” in his description of “thin” and “thick” religion. A “thin” religious commitment may well be genuine but is not given primacy in an adherent’s life. It therefore easily becomes “thinned out,” instrumentalised, serving as a justification for actions which spring from far different sources.
“Thick” faith, on the other hand, will be content-rich and potentially transformative. In the case of Christianity, it will prick and nudge those who hold it toward things like enemy-love, self-sacrifice, generosity to strangers, and forgiveness. This does not absolve Christians from violence done in the name of Christ but does suggest, as Volf puts it, that what is needed in response to religious violence is not less religion but more religion—of the “thick” kind.

2. “It’s not so bad in context.”

Again, this pathway isn’t impassable, but it probably won’t take you where you want to go. It’s true that most people would benefit from a more nuanced understanding of almost any historical episode you care to name. It’s true that our sense of many periods and events is so reductive and so selective as to be tantamount to myth.

Defensiveness is a very human reaction; repentance is (or ought to be) a very Christian one.

As a first or primary response to the wounded or the outraged, though, the history lessons seem less appropriate—and much less Christian—than a wholehearted and heartbroken admission of guilt. When critics accuse the church of hypocrisy, violence, misogyny, and the like, can we not concede that what they say has all too often been true? Defensiveness is a very human reaction; repentance is (or ought to be) a very Christian one.
My colleagues and I have been immersed in making a documentary (and more recently, writing a book) called For the Love of God: How the Church Is Better and Worse than You Ever Imagined. Making it has been both a bruising and, surprisingly, mightily heartening experience. One of the gratifying/depressing reactions we’ve had has been the number of secular viewers and critics who’ve found themselves pleasantly surprised by our candidness. “You are acknowledging all sorts of bad behaviour in the name of Christianity over the centuries!” exclaimed one interviewer in disbelief.
This should not be extraordinary. If anyone should be fluent in the language of confession, it’s a group of people who meet together week in and week out to admit that we have left undone what we ought to have done, and we have done what we ought not to have done, and there is no health in us.
To openly and without reservation own the wrongs of the past is the road less travelled, but alongside the advantage of honesty, it can also open up the possibility of a more engaged and fruitful conversation about the contributions as well as the failures of the church.

3. “The good outweighs the bad.”

Once more, it’s not that I don’t think the argument is valid. To the extent that it’s a meaningful thing to say, I sincerely believe the overall contribution of Christianity has been a positive one. But the wrongs are incontrovertible, and however much we might want to haggle over the scorecard, good deeds don’t cancel out evil ones.
In grappling with the most shameful and the most shining moments of Christian action in the world, my colleagues and I have been using a governing metaphor that audiences have loved. It rests on the distinction between a musical composition and its performance.
Take a sublime piece of music like Bach’s celebrated “Cello Suites,” and have a complete novice sit down to play them. The result will be far from sublime – but it shouldn’t affect your understanding of the genius of Bach as a composer. We know to distinguish between a good and a bad performance of the same composition. For believers and for sceptics alike, going back to Jesus and measuring the deeds of his followers against his teaching and example offers a solid way forward through the labyrinthine complexity of a very mixed history.
Jesus wrote a beautiful tune. Christians claim that it has never been bettered. When those who claim to follow Jesus have played in tune with him, that has been of great and unique benefit to the world. When they’ve played the tune atrociously, it’s caused harm untold. But the tune itself continues to sound down the arches of the years, calling each of us to our appointed place in the orchestra.

The Church’s ‘Double Consciousness’

In the course of making the film, we had a conversation with novelist and essayist Marilynne Robinson. When asked about the widespread suspicion of the institutional church, she spoke movingly of people’s reaction to John Ames, the small-town pastor who narrates her novel Gilead.
“I do book signings,” Robinson says, “and people come up and talk to me and often they say, ‘I just love John Ames. He’s just like my pastor.’”
What she calls a “double consciousness” of the church is operative here—the contrast between a sort of “televised religion” and people’s actual experience of the church. “When you write about somebody and they say, he’s just like my pastor, he’s just like my uncle who’s a priest, they’re having a very deep recognition … But if you sat them down to describe a priest, a church, they would come up with the conventions that are everywhere now.”
There is something in this that’s profoundly characteristic of our cultural moment. In 2017, an Ipsos poll conducted across 23 countries found that 49 percent of adults agree that religion does more harm than good in the world. In the US it was lower, at 39 percent; in my own country, Australia, it was significantly higher: fully 63 percent of Aussies are apparently convinced that overall, we would be better off without religion. Yet, intriguingly, 60 percent of the population ticked a box in the most recent census declaring an affiliation to one religion or another. And another survey found that 88 percent of non-churchgoers in Australia like the idea of having a church in their neighbourhood.

The case for the gospel message is nowhere more irrepressible than in the tangible experience of disciple-love to be found in the church visible just down the road.

Apart from the observation that most polls would be considerably enhanced by a few well-chosen follow-up questions, what the disparity suggests is that for many people, our personal experience does not tally with certain powerful ideas that come to us via the cultural ether.
This is not only a religious phenomenon; as The Atlantic has reported, while in 2016 only 36 percent of Americans thought the country as a whole was headed in the right direction, 85 percent declared themselves “very or somewhat satisfied with their general position in life and their ability to pursue the American dream.” “What explains the gulf between most Americans’ hopeful outlook on areas and institutions they know directly and their despair about the country they know only through the news?” asked The Atlantic’s James Fallows.
Whatever the answer, it’s worth remembering that however bitter and cynical our public discourse may seem or become, bubbling beneath the surface is something both more interesting and less predictable. With all its quirks, frustrations, and serious failings, the case for the gospel message is nowhere more irrepressible than in the tangible experience of disciple-love to be found in the church visible just down the road.


Natasha Moore is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Public Christianity in Sydney.
This article first appeared here in Christianity Today and is republished with permission.

Stirling University Christian Union – students on a mission

Stirling University Christian Union is a CU that Solas has a great relationship with. Andy Bannister led their mission week last year, and Gavin Matthews spoke at their houseparty. A few weeks ago Andy was back in Stirling for their weekly meeting on the campus.

There was a crowd of 70-80 people there, who were squeezed into the chaplaincy. The CU are really active in evangelism, and so Andy been asked to do some practical teaching on that. He has a session entitled, “How to talk about Jesus without looking like an idiot”, which outlines some very practical ideas from the Bible – about helpful ways in engaging in conversations about the Christian faith with people who do not believe it.
This a really important topic for the students, as on campuses as many people are genuinely afraid that if they talk about their faith in Jesus they will look like fools in front of their peers or Profs. So Andy took the students through some examples of how to have more useful conversations by asking really good questions – opening up friendly, respectful dialogue with people. It was great to see the students engaging really positively with this approach to evangelism, and they asked really great questions too. Some of them posed questions relating to specific situations, or likely scenarios they might face, and we thought through together what might be the best approach to take.
Solas really likes resourcing Christian Unions on campuses and Stirling are a really missional CU. Their current president, Cameron, is going to be on a forthcoming edition of our Solas Podcast – (PEP Talk – the Persuasive Evangelism Podcast). So look out for that when it is published in the New Year! Links to that will be posted here on the Solas blog, and from our social media feeds when it is published. Christian Union leaders, engaged in evangelism gain a wealth of experience and have loads of good ideas to pass onto the next load of students coming in – so we’re looking forward to hearing some of that on the podcast.


PEP Talk Podcast With Randy Newman

Kristi found the book “Questioning Evangelism” by Randy Newman to be a fantastic tool in her work ministering with university students. Today Andy and Kristi welcome Randy to the podcast to answers questions about questions with questions!

With Randy Newman PEP Talk

Our Guest

Randy Newman is Senior Fellow for Apologetics and Evangelism at the C.S. Lewis Institute near Washington D.C. He served for over 30 years with Campus Crusade for Christ and has taught at a number of seminaries. He has written five books and numerous articles, including his latest Unlikely Converts: Improbable Stories of Faith and What They Teach Us About Evangelism.

A Beginner’s Guide to the Kalam Cosmological Argument

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The Kalam cosmological argument was originally put forth by a twelfth-century medieval Muslim philosopher from Persia (modern day Iran) by the name of Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali. Al-Ghazali was concerned by the influence of Greek philosophy (which maintained a beginningless Universe – one which flows necessarily out of God) on the Muslim philosophers of his day. Al-Ghazali published a critique of this teaching in a book titled The Incoherence of the Philosophers, in which he argued that the Universe must have a beginning. And if the Universe had a beginning at a point in the finite past, then there must be a transcendent Creator who brought the Universe into being – since nothing begins to exist without a cause. As al-Ghazali put it:
“Every being which begins has a cause for its beginning; now the world is a being which begins; therefore, it possesses a cause for its beginning.”
We can thus summarise al-Ghazali’s reasoning in three basic steps:

  1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
  2. The Universe began to exist.
  3. Therefore, the Universe has a cause.

This argument uses a form of reasoning that philosophers call deduction. In this style of argument, a conclusion necessarily and inescapably follows from the premises – provided, of course, that those premises are in fact true.
The first of those premises – whatever begins to exist has a cause – seems to be almost indisputable. After all, something cannot simply pop into being uncaused. The principle of causality – that effects are always produced by causes – is what undergirds the scientific endeavour. In every realm of experience, new things are brought into being by causes.
A sceptic will often reply to this point by claiming that in physics it is theorised that subatomic particles can come into being out of nothing. However, such theories concern particles originating as a fluctuation of the energy contained in a vacuum. A vacuum, in physics, is a sea of fluctuating energy that is governed by physical laws. When we are talking about the origins of the Universe, however, we are asking where the physical laws that govern the material world – as well as where matter itself – comes from.
Another typical counter that an atheist lacking sophistication might reply with is that if everything requires a cause, then what is the cause of the Creator? Notice, however, that premise 1 of the argument does not state that everything has a cause for its existence. Rather, it states that everything which has a beginning has a cause for its existence. This is a rather different claim. If God is conceived of as eternal – that is to say, timeless – then He does not fit into the category of things that begin to exist, and thus does not fit into the category of things requiring a cause. Ultimately, every worldview must posit an unmoved mover, something which exists out of the necessity of its own nature – a timeless, uncaused, necessarily existent being responsible for initiating the chain of cause and effect. Otherwise, one is forced to postulate an infinite regress of causal explanations. The Universe clearly is not the unmoved mover from which everything else comes, since the scientific evidence shows convincingly that our Universe began to exist around 13.8 billion years ago. On top of that, various philosophical arguments establish that an infinite regress entails logical absurdity.
Let us now turn our attention to the second premise of the argument, namely, that the Universe began to exist. There are two sets of argument that firmly establish the truth of this premise – those are philosophical arguments and scientific arguments.
Let’s begin by considering the philosophical arguments. Al-Ghazali pointed out that if the Universe is infinite in the past – that is, it never began to exist – then there must have been an unlimited number of past events prior to the present. But, Ghazali argued, an actual infinite number of things entails logical absurdity. Notice that there is a difference between an actual infinite number of things and a potential infinite. For instance, any finite distance can be divided in half, and then quarters, and then eighths, and so on to infinity. The number of divisions is what we call a potential infinite, since in principle one could go on dividing and dividing and dividing forever. You would never arrive, however, at an actual infinite number of divisions. You would always have divided the distance a finite number of times.
Al-Ghazali pointed out that if an actual infinite were possible, various absurdities were entailed. For example, imagine that you have a string of numbers from 1 to infinity. Suppose you were to remove all the numbers greater than or equal to three (that is, an infinite number of numbers). How many numbers do you have left? The answer of course is two. Now suppose that instead you were to remove all the odd numbers. How many numbers do you have left now? The answer is infinity. Thus, a contradiction is entailed – infinity minus infinity is equal to two and infinity minus infinity is equal to infinity. These are the sorts of logical contradictions entailed when we try to treat infinity as an actual number.
Besides the philosophical reasons to think the past is finite, there is also a plethora of scientific evidences that have pointed forcefully in this direction. For most of human history it was taken for granted that the Universe as a whole was unchanging. While things that were in the Universe itself were changing, the Universe itself was just there. Albert Einstein too held this view, but he found this understanding challenged by his general theory of relativity. Einstein’s equations described a Universe that was blowing up like a balloon or else collapsing in upon itself. Uncomfortable with this idea, Einstein manipulated his equations by adding a fudge factor known as the ‘cosmological constant’, a mistake that Einstein later described as ‘the greatest blunder of his career.’ In the 1920s, the Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaitre and the Russian mathematician Alexander Friedman independently developed models of an expanding universe, based upon the equations of Einstein. In 1929, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered, through his observations at the Mount Wilson Observatory, that the light from distant galaxies, in every direction of the sky, appeared to be redder than expected – a phenomenon now known as “redshift”, which is best explained by the stretching of light waves as galaxies move away from us.
In order to get a better handle on what is going on, imagine a balloon with painted black dots over its surface. Imagine what would happen as you blow up the balloon. As the balloon (representing the Universe) gets bigger and bigger, the painted dots (representing the galaxies) grow farther and farther apart. Now imagine that somebody videotaped you blowing up the balloon. Rewinding the tape would reveal that as you go back in time the black dots get closer and closer together. The balloon cannot have been expanding forever. So it is with our Universe. Eventually, as the tape of the Universe is wound back, the Universe comes to have zero spatial volume. This is just one of various lines of scientific evidence that reveal our Universe began to exist.
Since the two premises of the kalam cosmological argument are true, the conclusion necessarily and inescapably follows – namely, that the Universe has a cause for its existence. What can we say about this cause? As the creator of time, space and matter itself, this cause must transcend space and time. That is to say, the cause must be transtemporal, spaceless, and immaterial – a description that rather befits what enters most people’s mind when they think of God. I will conclude by quoting the late agnostic astronomer Robert Jastrow, from his book God and the Astronomers:

For the scientist who has lived by his faith in the power of reason, the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountain of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries.

Indeed, long before modern astronomy discovered powerful evidence of a cosmic beginning, the text of the Bible had stated for thousands of years that “All things were made through [Christ], and without him was not any thing made that was made,” (John 1:3).


Dr Jonathan McLatchie is a writer, international speaker and debater. He holds a Bachelor’s degree (with Honours) in forensic biology, a Masters (M.Res) degree in evolutionary biology, and a second Master’s degree in medical and molecular bioscience and PhD in cell biology. He is Assistant Professor of Biology at Sattler College.
Further Reading:

Beginner: A Faithful Guide to Philosophy by Peter S. Williams
Intermediate: Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview, William Lane Craig & J.P. Moreland
Advanced: The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, William Lane Craig & J.P. Moreland (editors)

Andy at The National Geographic in Washington DC

I was recently in Washington DC to do an event at the headquarters of National Geographic. I have a friend there who is a member of the staff team – and is a Christian. He organises an event every couple of months, which a Christian speaker is invited to address. They invite anyone at National Geographic who might be interested to come along for a sandwich lunch and a lively, thought-provoking talk followed by Q&A and discussion.
It was the third time I have been there, and it was a real privilege to be invited back again to speak. The first time I was there I spoke on “Science and Beauty”, the second time was “What Does it Mean to be Human” and this time I spoke about the “Pursuit of Happiness”. That’s a talk I do a lot – particularly in places like this where people are working incredibly hard, as the culture in journalism is quite ‘driven’. In those kinds of contexts, it’s very easy for people to base their identity on their work, performance, pay-grade, how many cover-stores they’ve landed – and so forth. So in my talk I addressed the question of where identity lies.
The conclusion of the talk was the story of Charlie Duke, who was an astronaut on Apollo 16. In his autobiography, “Moonwalker” he describes how he tried to find his identity in speed, excitement, adventure – ultimately in going to the moon. However, he found that once he’d been to the moon; where to go next?! That linked into National Geographic quite well, as they’ve given extensive coverage to the Apollo Programme recently because it is the fiftieth anniversary of the first moon landing.
We had a great Q&A session after my talk. There was one question in particular that stood out. A woman seemed to be struck by the fact that the things we usually look to in order to find happiness don’t work; and had figured out the religious implications of that. Her question was ‘is it possible to find ultimate happiness in a secular way – without reference to any form of spirituality?’ I basically, but rather gently said, ‘no’, and explained why I thought that the three lower levels of the human search for happiness, such as food and sex (animal happiness), success, or even in serving others, all run out, because they are not designed to be ultimate.
Finally though,  when considering the kind of ultimate happiness which comes from living for something genuinely bigger than ourselves (something Christian believe only truly comes from having a relationship with Christ) then that kind of happiness reflects back on the other things, because we can then properly enjoy things like food, sex, success, and serving others because they don’t becomes ways in which we desperately try to find identity. Rather – they become good gifts, that we can enjoy and give God thanks for. As such – the whole package makes much more sense.
So, it was hugely enjoyable and a great privilege to be back at National Geographic, and engaging a lively and thoughtful audience outside the church; with a distinctly Christian and gospel-centred world-view.


Andy Bannister is director the Solas Centre of Public Christianity

Five Ways Worry Can Be Helpful

by Dr Timothy S. Lane

We typically think that worry is a bad habit. But there is a good worry and a bad worry. Bad worry leads you to check out or become hyper-vigilant. Your “fight or flight” instincts are in overdrive when you are doing bad worry. That is usually what we mean when we use the word “worry.” We tend to see it as negative. Good worry, though, allows you to remain engaged, dependent upon God and prayerful. We have come to use other words to describe this kind of worry, like “concern.” It is important to know the difference. So, how do you know when you are engaging in “good” worry? Here are five things you should “worry” about in a good way.

  1. WORRY IS NOT THE SAME AS CONCERN.

If worry is “over-concern,” then it is different from “concern”. It is appropriate to be concerned about things. What Jesus is forbidding is “over-concern,” and not concern, itself.
When my oldest child was beginning to drive, I had legitimate concerns, because I was well aware of how dangerous driving could be if not properly prepared. So I acted as any responsible parent would; I made sure she received appropriate driver training. (I was wise enough to get a professional and not take on the task myself!). And I prayed for her (and for the other road users!).
That was godly concern. It leads to wise action and dependent prayer. Similarly, this is why I lock my doors to our house and pray that God will keep the place safe. There are many other examples from our daily lives which can flow from proper, godly concern: regular doctor checkups, balancing your finances, preparing for a child’s college education, getting your car serviced regularly. Jesus is not telling us not to be concerned about things. He is telling us not to be over-concerned. The two are not the same, and you can recognize the difference because concern takes wise action and prays dependently. Worry, or over-concern, thinks and acts as though everything is either up to you or completely out of control, and prays desperately, if at all.

  1. THE SOLUTION TO WORRY IS NOT BECOMING LAID-BACK.

The answer to “over-concern” is not “under-concern.” The antidote to “over-concern” is not just being a lazy or “laid-back” person. Often times, being disengaged and indifferent can masquerade as godliness when in fact it is not. We all know laid-back people. Maybe you are one yourself. It can seem a wonderful way to live! But it is worth digging below the laid-back surface. Consider these three very different “laid back” people:
First, a person who is laid-back on the outside can still be a deeply worried person on the inside. They mask their anxiety by acting cool and collected. People like this tend to be driven, prickly and overly sensitive.
Second, a laid-back person can also be a deep worrier and one who has chosen to disengage and become indifferent. These kinds of worriers tend to be procrastinators. They avoid life.
Finally, someone can seem very calm and laid-back, but in fact they are deeply engaged with and invested in others’ lives and situations. They care deeply and passionately; and they are taking their worries to God and depending upon him as they face life’s challenges.
Those are three very different ways to be “laid-back.” The first two are not the answer to worry; and the third is not laid-back so much as God-dependent. The Christian life is one of complete engagement, not disengagement. In the same book where Paul talks about not being anxious for anything (Philippians 4:6), he also says, “work out your salvation with fear and trembling” (Philippians 2:12-13), and “I press on to take hold of that for which Christ Jesus took hold of me” (Philippians 3:12).

  1. WORK IS NOT NECESSARILY AN EXPRESSION OF WORRY.

Another common error is to think that the way to avoid worry is to become passive, and simply look to God to provide for all of your needs. Jesus’ illustrations about birds and plants might seem to suggest that passivity is next to godliness! Nothing could be further from the truth. God may provide food for the birds, but they have to actively go and get it. Plants do not automatically grow; they must draw on the nutrients in the soil and sun. So working hard is not necessarily (or even often) an expression of worry. In fact, it is a virtue. The fourth commandment says, Six days you shall labour and on the seventh you shall rest. In 1 Thessalonians 4:11-12, Paul says:
Make it your ambition to lead a quiet life: you should mind your own business and work with your hands, just as we told you, so that your daily life may win the respect of outsiders and so that you will not be dependent on anybody.
And he warns in 2 Thessalonians 3:10: The one who is unwilling to work shall not eat. You can’t get more straightforward than that! So clearly, Jesus is not saying that we are to stop all activities and sit idly by while life happens around us. (Of course, overworking could be a sign that we are deeply, chronically over-concerned; but it is not automatically so). See also, Proverbs 6:6-11 and I Timothy 5:8.

  1. PROTECTING YOURSELF IS NOT THE SAME AS WORRY.

It is important to understand that godly fear and concern for your safety and the safety of others is not the same as the “worry” that Jesus is commanding us to avoid. Suppose that you are driving on a highway at night and you see another car heading toward you. A godly response would be to do whatever you can to steer your car to avoid an accident. Or suppose you are currently fearful for your own safety, or the safety of another person, because you have reason to believe that someone is going to harm you or them. You would be completely justified in doing whatever you can to protect yourself and others from harm. We read in the Gospels of how Jesus himself avoided the crowds who wanted to harm him because he knew he had more work and ministry to do (Luke 4:28-30).
If you are reading this and you are in a situation where you might be abused or harmed, then take action now to protect yourself. Call a friend or a pastor. If you are being threatened by your spouse, a parent, or anyone else, it would be wise and loving to contact an abuse center or the police. That is an expression of godly concern. I want to say as strongly as I can: it is not wrong to take action and seek help if you’re suffering or fearing abuse of any kind.

  1. SAVING AND PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE IS NOT NECESSARILY AN EXPRESSION OF WORRY.

Another common mistake that people have made when thinking about worry is to neglect or even frown upon putting money away for savings. Having a strong portfolio and significant savings may be an expression of worry and placing one’s confidence in finances and wealth, but it does not have to be. Consider Proverbs 6:6-1
Go the ant, you sluggard; consider its ways and be wise! It has no commander, no overseer or ruler, yet it stores its provisions in the summer and gathers its food at harvest. How long will you lie there, you sluggard? When will you get up from your sleep? A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest—and poverty will come on you like a bandit and scarcity like an armed man.
If you consider the context of Jesus’ teaching on worry in Luke 12:22-34 and Matthew 6:25-34, the obvious issue that Jesus is addressing is: which treasure are you looking to for strength and stability? The parable of the Rich Fool precedes Jesus’ teaching on worry in Luke 12:13-21. The idea of ultimate treasure precedes Jesus’ teaching on worry in Matthew 6:19-24.


Dr. Timothy S. Lane is the Founder and President of the Institute for Pastoral Carea non-profit that equips local churches to care for their people, and Tim Lane & Associates, a counseling practice located in Peachtree City, GA. He is a minister in the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), having been ordained in 1991 and a member of Metro-Atlanta Presbytery. He has a Master of Divinity degree and a Doctor of Ministry degree in Pastoral Counseling.

Tim has authored Unstuck: A Nine-Step Journey to Change That Lasts (2019), Living Without Worry: How to Replace Anxiety with Peace (2015), and co-authored How People Change and Relationships: A Mess Worth Making (2007).

Tim’s books are all available in the UK here.

This article appeared on Dr Lane’s website in 2016, and is used with his permission.

Is Forgiveness Possible Without God?

In a culture that is frighteningly fast to judge (tweet the wrong thing, and you’re a social outcast) have we forgotten the virtue of forgiveness? But can ‘forgiveness’ really exist without God? In this week’s packed episode of SHORT ANSWERS we dig into all these incredible important questions and show how if you want to really know forgiveness, you need to know God.
For some more reading on this subject, check out the following articles: www.solas-cpc.org/totali-shame-ism-and-the-end-of-mercy/ https://www.scotsman.com/news/crime/gavin-matthews-we-must-find-right-response-sri-lanka-easter-sunday-massacre-1418029 https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/gavin-matthews-you-cast-stone-check-youre-not-living-glass-house-2073390

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Creation Stewardship: For the Glory of God and the Good of our Children

The Bible helps us to know God, to understand his desire for our relationship to him, and our relationships with one another.  Indeed, the greatest commandment (to love God and to love others, Matt. 22:36-39) and the great commission (to make disciples, Matt. 28:19) both focus on these two relationships, so it is appropriate that these are the focus of our teaching and preaching in the Christian church.  But what about the Bible’s teaching about the rest of God’s creation and our relationship to it?  Is this relevant or important?  Is the earth simply the platform upon which God’s plan for his people is played out?  Is its primary purpose to simply provide us the resources we need (e.g. food, water, energy)?  Teachings about creation permeate both the old and new testaments from the beginning of Genesis (Gen. 1 and 2) to Revelation (e.g. Rev. 21:1, 11:18).
Here let me summarise some key Bible passages and four key principles about creation that emerge from God’s word. These are truths that should guide our relationship to the earth.

  1. God created all of it, its flora, fauna and ecosystems, as well as all natural processes such as plant growth and seed bearing, cycles of day and night, cycles of rain and drying, etc. (Gen: 1:1-2; Prov. 3:19-20; John 1:1-3)

God declared each part of his creation good and blessed each (e.g. fish and birds), expressing his will that they flourish (Gen. 1:22; Psalm 104:24-25; Hebrews 1:2).  God also is the sustainer of all creation and He is sovereign over all He has made (Psalm 104, 145; Coll. 1:17; Hebrews 1:3; Rev. 4:11).  All three key relationships mentioned above (our relationship to God, to one another, and to creation) were marred by the fall.  God’s covenant and his redemptive plan includes not only his people, but all of his creation as well (Romans 8:18-21; Psalm 96:11-13).

  1. It all belongs to him, not to us. God is the owner and sustainer of the earth and everything in it. All that we have and all that we receive from the earth belongs to God

We are stewards, not owners, and our care of creation is a role delegated to us by him.  Thus, our relationship to the earth should be God-centred rather than self-centred.  (I much prefer the term “creation stewardship” rather than “environmental conservation” because it properly emphasises that the earth is his creation rather than our environment.).  Part of the respect we show to others is in the way we treat their possessions.  We show honour and respect to God in the way we treat his earth.

  1. The earth was created for him, not for us (I Col. 1:16, Rev. 4:11). The primary purpose of all of creation is to glorify God, not to sustain us. Although the Lord has blessed us abundantly by providing, through the earth, water to drink and animals and plants for food, trees to shade us etc., the primary purpose of the earth and all its creatures is to glorify God.
  2. God’s creation is an important part of his revelation to us (Romans 1:20; Psalm 19:1-2). God reveals his character and his will, and guides and teaches us through both his written Word and his created world. His majesty, power, beauty and goodness are clearly displayed through all that he has made.  Throughout the scriptures we are instructed to observe his creatures, the birds of the air, the lilies of the field, and even ants! (Prov.  6:6-8; 30:24-30). He frequently points us to features of his creation to teach us (e.g. the life and behaviour of animals, the water cycle, the beauty of the mountains, the life cycle of plants, the features of trees, vines, branches, roots, soil).  Each time we cause the extinction of one of God’s creatures, pollute or tarnish one of the ecosystems he formed, or otherwise mar these aspects of his revelation to us, it is like removing or tarnishing pages of the Bible.

So, what do we conclude?  How then shall we relate to the earth and the rest of creation in light of these Biblical teachings?  One clear take-away is that our relationship to the earth and all that is in it should be one of steward, not simply consumer.  The Biblical principle of stewardship (caring for that which belongs to another) applies broadly to correctly handling money entrusted to us (e.g. Luke 16:11-12), to correctly handling Gods’ word (II Tim. 2:15), correctly handling God’s creation, and being good stewards of God’s spiritual gifts to us (I Peter 4:10).
One fundamental difference between our relationship to money or property and our relationship to the natural world is that we are an integral part of the latter.  We ourselves are a key component of the ecosystems in which we live.  Unlike other components of the earth that were created ex nihlo (out of nothing), humans were formed from the dust of the earth.  We were fashioned by God out of the earth, are an integral part of the earth, and our bodies return to the earth upon our death.  Thus, by being good stewards of creation we also care for ourselves and cause human life to flourish.  Because we have largely failed in our stewardship of the earth, the number of human deaths due to an unhealthy environment has been estimated at nearly 15 million annually and increasing, as are the number of environmental refugees. When we affirm, enhance and protect the life of natural ecosystems, we do the same to human life.  Creation stewardship is clearly a pro-life endeavour.
In what is often termed “the creation mandate” in the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve are instructed to maintain a Godly “dominion” over creation, looking out for its good, helping it to flourish, and to (abad) care for it and (shamar) protect it.  The language used in Genesis connotes the kind of dominion that a shepherd has over his sheep, caring for them and protecting them, and doing all he can to help the flock to flourish, not self-serving domination. In Genesis 1:28, the seemingly harsh words kabash (subdue) and radah (rule or have dominion over [KJV]) are set in the context of God’s will of blessing and fruitfulness of all the creatures he has made.  Because we are delegated by God to have dominion over creation and put it in under our subjection, we should model after God in our undertaking of this task and rule the earth in a manner that promotes its flourishing, not its depletion and degradation.  Psalm 145 provides a clear description of God’s model for dominion over his creation.
The Lord is good to all; he has compassion on all he has made (vs. 9). The Lord is faithful to his promises and loving toward all he has made (vs. 13). You open your hand and satisfy the desires of every living thing (vs. 16).
God’s desire is that we affirm and protect life, not only for humans He made in his image, but for all the earth.   One clear way we as Christians can honour God is to be good stewards of his creation, so that it will continue to flourish and that it will continue to declare his glory and continue to clearly reveal his nature and character to us.  God has absolute authority, power and sovereignty over his creation. But this does not mean that we should be dismissive of the condition of his earth and creatures, or that our actions have no effect on God’s earth. Just as our attitudes and actions can have profound effects on our relationship to others and our relationship to God, they can influence his created world.  God’s desire is that our influence be positive, life-giving and honouring and respectful of his handiwork.  At several points in the history of Israel, God spoke against his people for their abuse of the land, and in Revelation, God declares his wrath against, among others, “those who destroy the earth” (Rev. 11:18).
Our stewardship of creation is a task delegated to us by God.  As we are made in his image, we should use our God-given creativity and wisdom to promote earth’s flourishing, not to degrade it. For example, the Bible notes that God causes grass to grow for the cattle (Deut. 11:15; Psalm 104:14).  We know through science that the underlying process of photosynthesis explains how grass growth occurs.  Humans have used their ingenuity to enhance grass growth through increasing photosynthesis and plant breeding, greatly increasing the productivity and flourishing of many crops.  Humans have also had the opposite effects through actions such as over-grazing of grasslands which hinders grass growth and degrades grassland and savanna ecosystems.  The latter has been motivated by a desire for maximum consumption rather that sound stewardship.  We should promote the flourishing, not the depletion of the natural resources God provides through his creation.
Stewardship of creation is also an important, but overlooked way we can demonstrate love to others, particularly to our own children and grandchildren.  My wife Barbara and I have four young grandchildren.  We are deeply concerned about the world they will face as they grow up, given the trajectory of both our secular culture and of the earth they inhabit.  We pray that God would intervene in both our society, such that thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven, and in his creation and our relationship to it, for the good of our children and grandchildren and the good of others.  Many Christians are not fully aware of the seriousness of the current and projected changes in the earth we inhabit, such as climate change and biodiversity loss, etc.
I have been a natural scientist in the field of environmental biology and global environmental change for four decades.  I have been blessed to have been called to a vocation that has allowed me to gain a deeper look into God’s revelation through what he has made, and to study and understand many of the intricacies and complexities of his creation.  My studies have also enabled me to clearly sort out what is true, what is uncertain, what is speculation, and what are clearly false claims regarding these issues in popular media.  One important truth is the reality of human-caused climate change and its serious consequences.  The scientific evidence is unequivocal.  Climate change is likely a greater threat to our well-being than anything that has occurred since we first occupied the earth.  A second thing I know to be true is that unless God intervenes in a miraculous way, if we as God’s people do not change our relationship to God’s creation, and we continue to relate to the earth as consumers rather than stewards, that our children and grandchildren will suffer, and the poor and oppressed throughout the world will suffer even more.
As our actions are causing climate change and other major consequences at the global scale, our children and their children will face a very difficult future, one characterised by at least six major global changes, including:
1) greater frequency and intensity of fires, floods, hurricanes, deadly heat waves and other severe-weather events. With these come their associated losses of human lives and economic and other social costs such as increasing numbers of climate refugees.
2) diminished productivity and nutrition of crops and greater outbreaks of insect and fungal pests.  This will result in greater food costs and food insecurity for everyone, and greater hunger and famine-related deaths for many.
3) greater frequency and severity of disease epidemics, geographical expansion of disease-causing vectors such as malaria-transmitting mosquitoes, and significant decline in overall public health.
4) greater international conflict and a great weakening of national security due to the political and economic effects of increasingly limited resources.
5) greatly reduced benefits of medicines as the biodiversity of plants, animals and microbes that provide the bio-chemicals necessary for new drug discovery are diminished, and
6) reduced ability to experience an un-marred creation and thus reduced opportunity to clearly experience God’s revelation and to know him through all he has made.
For example, we have had a poor track record at the stewardship of the oceans.  At current rates of disposal, by the time our 1-year-old grandson Caleb turns 21 there will be a larger total mass of plastic in the world’s oceans than fish.  God’s sea creatures that were previously “teeming in great numbers” will be outweighed by all the plastic trash we produce.  As we have been displacing God’s creatures with our trash, the result is that more that 70% of the world’s fisheries are being depleted, populations of some ocean species have collapsed, and a major part of God’s revelation to us has been marred.  Closer to home, due to our insatiable appetite for energy, our per-capita consumption of fossil fuels in the U.S.  and resultant per-capita carbon emissions are several-fold higher than the global average and even several-fold higher than other developed countries.  As a result, here in my home state of Colorado, the increasing frequency of floods, fires, and other severe and damaging weather events are causing increased human suffering as well as economic costs (e.g. costs of home-owners insurance in Colorado has increased by more than 75% over the past nine years due to these effects of climate change).  These are not speculative doomsday scenarios.  All of these trends are real, all are results of our poor stewardship of the earth, and all are based on abundant scientific data.
God’s earth and his creatures are far from flourishing and are clearly on an accelerated trajectory of decline.  The principles of ecological thresholds and positive feedbacks explain why almost every time a projection of future change is revised, the revised projection is more severe and more rapid.  We are degrading God’s earth at such an accelerated pace that more than 11,000 scientists world-wide have recently declared climate change a “global emergency”1.
Being a good steward of God’s earth is a significant way we can love our children and grandchildren, as well as others throughout the world who are already suffering from the effects of climate change and other human-caused changes to the earth.
The poor suffer most from the effects of climate change and other global environmental changes because they depend most directly on resources from their local ecosystems for their livelihoods and they have the lowest capacity to cope and to mitigate these effects. Thus, we help the poor and therefore honour God by being good creation stewards (Prov. 14:31; 19:17).
Others adversely affected by climate change include our military men and women.  The U.S. Department of Defense has identified climate change as the greatest threat to international stability and to our national security.  Thus, as we support our military men and women through our prayers, we can also love and support them by reducing our carbon footprint.  Likewise, as we provide relief to those suffering from floods and hurricanes through various ministries, we can also love these people by being good stewards by reducing our use of fossil fuel energy and shifting to sustainable renewable energy sources, by reducing our consumption of single-use plastics and other non-renewable resources, by reducing our consumption of water resources, reducing food wastes, and in general by improving our care for God’s earth and his creatures, and by praying for God’s intervention both in healing his creation and in changing our hearts to transform our relationship to his creation as He transforms our relationship to him and to others.
Finally, I will mention that being committed to care of creation is one of many ways we can be a positive witness to God.  Not long ago I was sitting along the river outside a local coffee shop and commented to a woman sitting near me on the beauty of the river and the sunlit golden colour of the aspen leaves.  This started a conversation about nature and the environment, and the woman shared her concerns about how we as humans have become so disconnected from nature, buried in our cell-phones and other technology, and have done so much damage to the earth.  As this provided a great opportunity, I was able to share my views about nature conservation and my perspective as a Christian that I am thankful for all that God has created and that my motivation for being an environmental conservationist is to honour and thank God.  Conversations about environmental issues and nature conservation can provide great opportunities to share our beliefs with tree-huggers, mother-earth worshippers and others who have very different world views and need to hear the Gospel message.  Discussion of environmental conservation can provide an excellent entry point for us to give testimony to our creator.
This is not about “saving the planet”.  It is not about putting a higher priority on saving seals than saving souls.  It is not about worshipping the creation.  It is not denying the sovereignty of God over his earth.  It is about honouring God by being good stewards of the earth He created for his glory and his good pleasure, and it is about loving others by exerting Godly dominion and caring for God’s earth and sharing all he has provided through his earth with our children and their children.  Our dedication to care for creation is loving, compassionate, pro-human life, and God-honouring, and it can provide great opportunities for sharing our faith with others.


Dr David C. Hartnett recently retired from Kansas State University, where he was a Professor of Plant Biology. He is a plant ecologist specialising in grasslands and savannas. He served as Director of Konza Prairie Biological Station, held a Fulbright Scholarship at the University of Botswana and conducted research across the plains of southern Africa and North America. He has served on editorial boards and review panels for the African Journal of Ecology, the Journal of Rangeland Ecology and Management, the Congressional Subcommittee on National Parks and the National Science Foundation, amongst others.
Notes:
1 Ripple, W. J. et al.  2019.  World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency.  Bioscience  http://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806

Book: The Big Ego Trip: Finding True Significance in a Culture of Self-Esteem

Professor Glynn Harrison has written a groundbreaking and insightful book. He exposes the idea of ‘self-esteem’ as a circular and unproductive concept – maybe even one that is harmful. He then reconstructs from the ground up, what is helpful [such as specific praise] and puts this firmly in a Christian worldview.
I’m sure we have all seen ridiculous examples of people trying to boost their self esteem by saying stock phrases like ‘I am happy’ or ‘I am amazing’ when the evidence seems stacked against this being true. Being hopeful for a different future is very different from blindly stating those things to be true now. All that happens is you realise how far from the truth this is and (for the person with low self-esteem) this makes you feel worse!
This kind of thinking has also crept into our Churches. It is one thing to believe some of the great things that the Bible says about us as true (such as ‘I am a child of God’) – it is another to make global statements like ‘I am excited about the plans God has for me’ when, to be frank, you are terrified.
This idea of talking yourself into good self-esteem is called ‘Boosterism’ and was one of the core educational techniques of the last few decades. However – shock horror – it does not work. All it does do is make the good feel better and the down feel worse.
Instead, he suggests that a better interpretation of the psychological literature is to see that specific (not global) statements are helpful in accurately appraising our position for the better and not giving in to the lack of specificity and ‘walking through treacle’ of depression. It is helpful to say things like ‘I am not doing so well today, but I hope to do better tomorrow’, or ‘I am not very good at football, but I am OK at drawing.’ This also fits better with the Christian worldview: ‘I am a sinner, but God loves me anyway’, ‘I believe that God will reveal himself to me in time.’
The book starts with a really helpful overview of most psychological theories then explains how they all seems to get bundled together in a culturally dictated mess called ‘self-esteem’ which served a number of post-war purposes but was never really that well through out. By the time the psychologists realised it was not working, the pop-psychology section of your local bookstore had arrived!
If you want a critical [and reasonably academic] look at what happened and how to reclaim positive psychology for good [and for God] then this is a great place to start. The style is easy to read with plenty of illustrations and jokes [a few chuckles form me along the way!].

You can purchase The Big Ego Trip from our book partner – 10ofThose.com


Dr Rob Waller

robwallerhas been a Consultant Psychiatrist for almost 15 years, including two years spent working overseas in New Zealand. He is a Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and holds postgraduate qualifications in Teaching and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is an Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer in the Division of Psychiatry at the University of Edinburgh. Rob is a Director of the ‘Mind and Soul Foundation‘ which exists to educate, equip and engage the church with knowledge, resources and understanding of mental health and Christian belief.

PEP Talk Podcast With Peter S Williams

Sometimes we can think of the “new atheists” like Richard Dawkins as the biggest enemies of Christianity today. When we speak about God with our friends, we wonder if they think we’re suffering from a “God Delusion”. How can we respond in a positive way, or even take advantage of the opportunities the new atheism presents? Andy speaks with philosopher Peter S Williams to find out more.

With Peter S Williams PEP Talk

Our Guest

British philosopher and apologist Peter S. Williams is ‘Assistant Professor in Communication and Worldviews’ at Gimlekollen School of Journalism and Communication, NLA University College, Norway. Peter is a trustee of the Christian Evidence Society, a Montgomery Trust Lecturer and a Travelling Speaker for the European Leadership Forum. His books include: A Faithful Guide to Philosophy: A Christian Introduction to the Love of Wisdom (Wipf & Stock, 2019) and C.S. Lewis vs the New Atheists (Paternoster, 2013). His papers have appeared in journals including Philosophia Christi, Theofilus and Think. See more at: www.peterswilliams.com